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ideas †¢ thinkers †¢ practice david a. kolb on experiential learning David A. Kolb's model of experiential learning can be found in many discussions of the theory and practice of adult education, informal education and lifelong learning. We set out the model, and examine its possibilities and problems. contents: †¢ introduction †¢ david a. olb †¢ david kolb on experiential learning †¢ david kolb on learning styles †¢ issues †¢ developments – jarvis on learning †¢ a guide to reading †¢ links †¢ how to cite this piece As Stephen Brookfield (1983: 16) has commented, writers in the field of experiential learning have tended to use the term in two contrasting senses. On the one hand the term is used to describe the sort of learning undertaken by students who are given a chance to acquire and apply knowledge, skills and feelings in an immediate and relevant setting.Experiential learning thus involves a, ‘direct encounter w ith the phenomena being studied rather than merely thinking about the encounter, or only considering the possibility of doing something about it. ‘ (Borzak 1981: 9 quoted in Brookfield 1983). This sort of learning is sponsored by an institution and might be used on training programmes for professions such as social work and teaching or in field study programmes such as those for social administration or geography courses.The second type of experiential learning is ‘education that occurs as a direct participation in the events of life' (Houle 1980: 221). Here learning is not sponsored by some formal educational institution but by people themselves. It is learning that is achieved through reflection upon everyday experience and is the way that most of us do our learning. Much of the literature on experiential learning, as Peter Jarvis comments (1995: 75), ‘is actually about learning from primary experience, that is learning through sense experiences'.He continues, â €˜unfortunately it has tended to exclude the idea of secondary experience entirely'. Jarvis also draws attention to the different uses of the term, citing Weil and McGill's (1989: 3) categorization of experiential learning into four ‘villages': Village One is concerned particularly with assessing and accrediting learning from life and work experience†¦. Village Two focuses on experiential learning as a basis for bringing change in the structures†¦ of post-school education†¦. Village Three emphasizes experiential learning as a basis for group consciousness raising†¦.Village Four is concerned about personal growth and self-awareness. These ‘villages' of approaches retain a focus on primary experience (and do not really problematize the notion of experience itself). Jarvis (1995: 77-80) makes the case for a concern for secondary or indirect experience (occurring through linguistic communication). While there have been various additions to the literatu re, such as the above, it is the work of David A. Kolb (1976; 1981; 1984) and his associate Roger Fry (Kolb and Fry 1975) that still provides the central reference point for discussion.Following on from Kolb's work there has been a growing literature around experiential learning and this is indicative of greater attention to this area by practitioners – particularly in the area of higher education. David Kolb's interest lay in exploring the processes associated with making sense of concrete experiences – and the different styles of learning that may be involved. In this he makes explicit use of the work of Piaget, Dewey and Lewin. David A. Kolb David A. Kolb is Professor of Organizational Behavior in the Weatheread School of Management.He joined the School in 1976. Born in 1939, Kolb received his Batchelor of Arts from Knox College in 1961, his MA from Harvard in 1964 and his PhD from Harvard in 1967. Besides his work on experiential learning, David A. Kolb is also kno wn for his contribution to thinking around organizational behaviour (1995a; 1995b). He has an interest in the nature of individual and social change, experiential learning, career development and executive and professional education. David Kolb on experiential learning David A.Kolb (with Roger Fry) created his famous model out of four elements: concrete experience, observation and reflection, the formation of abstract concepts and testing in new situations. He represented these in the famous experiential learning circle that involves (1) concrete experience followed by (2) observation and experience followed by (3) forming abstract concepts followed by (4) testing in new situations (after Kurt Lewin). It is a model that appears time and again. Kolb and Fry (1975) argue that the learning cycle can begin at any one of the four points – and that it should really be approached as a continuous spiral.However, it is suggested that the learning process often begins with a person car rying out a particular action and then seeing the effect of the action in this situation. Following this, the second step is to understand these effects in the particular instance so that if the same action was taken in the same circumstances it would be possible to anticipate what would follow from the action. In this pattern the third step would be understanding the general principle under which the particular instance falls.Generalizing may involve actions over a range of circumstances to gain experience beyond the particular instance and suggest the general principle. Understanding the general principle does not imply, in this sequence, an ability to express the principle in a symbolic medium, that is, the ability to put it into words. It implies only the ability to see a connection between the actions and effects over a range of circumstances. (Coleman 1976: 52). An educator who has learnt in this way may well have various rules of thumb or generalizations about what to do in d ifferent situations.They will be able to say what action to take when say, there is tension between two people in a group but they will not be able to verbalize their actions in psychodynamic or sociological terms. There may thus be difficulties about the transferability of their learning to other settings and situations. When the general principle is understood, the last step, according to David Kolb is its application through action in a new circumstance within the range of generalization. In some representations of experiential learning these steps, (or ones like them), are sometimes represented as a circular movement.In reality, if learning has taken place the process could be seen as a spiral. The action is taking place in a different set of circumstances and the learner is now able to anticipate the possible effects of the action. Two aspects can be seen as especially noteworthy: the use of concrete, ‘here-and-now' experience to test ideas; and use of feedback to change practices and theories (Kolb 1984: 21-22). Kolb joins these with Dewey to emphasize the developmental nature of the exercise, and with Piaget for an appreciation of cognitive development.He named his model so as to emphasize the link with Dewey, Lewin and Piaget, and to stress the role experience plays in learning. He wished to distinguish it from cognitive theories of the learning process (see Coleman 1976). David Kolb on learning styles David Kolb and Roger Fry (1975: 35-6) argue that effective learning entails the possession of four different abilities (as indicated on each pole of their model): concrete experience abilities, reflective observation abilities, abstract conceptualization abilities and active experimentation abilities.Few us can approach the ‘ideal' in this respect and tend, they suggest, to develop a strength in, or orientation to, in one of the poles of each dimension. As a result they developed a learning style inventory (Kolb 1976) which was designed to pl ace people on a line between concrete experience and abstract conceptualization; and active experimentation and reflective observation. Using this Kolb and Fry proceeded to identify four basic learning styles. Kolb and Fry on learning styles (Tennant 1996) Learning style Learning characteristicDescriptionConvergerAbstract conceptualization + active experimentation†¢ strong in practical application of ideas †¢ can focus on hypo-deductive reasoning on specific problems †¢ unemotional †¢ has narrow interests DivergerConcrete experience + reflective observation†¢ strong in imaginative ability †¢ good at generating ideas and seeing things from different perspectives †¢ interested in people †¢ broad cultural interests AssimilatorAbstract conceptualization + reflective observation†¢ strong ability to create theoretical models excels in inductive reasoning †¢ concerned with abstract concepts rather than peopleAccommodatorConcrete experience + active experimentation†¢ greatest strength is doing things †¢ more of a risk taker †¢ performs well when required to react to immediate circumstances †¢ solves problems intuitively In developing this model Kolb and Fry have helped, along with Witkin (1950), have helped to challenge those models of learning that seek to reduce potential to one dimension such as intelligence (Tennant 1997: 91). They also recognize that there are strengths and weaknesses associated with each style (and that being ‘locked into' one style can put a learner at a serious disadvantage).However, there are a number of problems with the model. Issues Here I want to note six key issues that arise out the Kolb model: It pays insufficient attention to the process of reflection (see Boud et al 1983). While David A. Kolb's scheme ‘has been useful in assisting us in planning learning activities and in helping us to check simply that learners can be effectively engaged', they comment , ‘it does not help†¦ to uncover the elements of reflection itself' (ibid. : 13), see reflection. The claims made for the four different learning styles are extravagant (Jarvis 1987; Tennant 1997).As Tennant (1997: 91) comments, even though the four learning styles neatly dovetail with the different dimensions of the experiential learning model, this doesn't necessarily validate them. David Kolb is putting forward a particular learning style. The problem here is that the experiential learning model does not apply to all situations. There are alternatives – such as information assimilation. There are also others such as memorization. Each of these may be appropriate to different situations (see Jarvis below). The model takes very little account of different cultural experiences/conditions (Anderson 1988).The Inventory has also been used within a fairly limited range of cultures (an important consideration if we approach learning as situated i. e. affected by environ ments). As Anderson (1988, cited in Tennant 1996) highlights, there is a need to take account of differences in cognitive and communication styles that are culturally-based. Here we need to attend to different models of selfhood – and the extent to which these may differ from the ‘western' assumptions that underpin the Kolb and Fry model. The idea of stages or steps does not sit well with the reality of thinking.There is a problem here – that of sequence. As Dewey (1933) has said in relation to reflection a number of processes can occur at once, stages can be jumped. This way of presenting things is rather too neat and is simplistic – see reflection. Empirical support for the model is weak (Jarvis 1987; Tennant 1997). The initial research base was small, and there have only been a limited number of studies that have sought to test or explore the model (such as Jarvis 1987). Furthermore, the learning style inventory ‘has no capacity to measure the deg ree of integration of learning styles' (Tennant 1997: 92).The relationship of learning processes to knowledge is problematic. As Jarvis (1987) again points out, David Kolb is able to show that learning and knowledge are intimately related. However, two problems arise here. David Kolb doesn't really explore the nature of knowledge in any depth. In chapter five of Experiential Learning he discusses the structure of knowledge from what is basically a social psychology perspective. He doesn't really connect with the rich and varied debates about the nature of knowledge that raged over the centuries within philosophy and social theory.This means that I do not think he really grasps different ways of knowing. For example, Kolb focuses on processes in the individual mind, rather than seeing learning as situated. Second, for David Kolb, learning is concerned with the production of knowledge. ‘Knowledge results from the combination of grasping experience and transforming it' (Kolb 1984 : 41). Here we might contrast this position with Paulo Freire. His focus is upon informed, committed action (praxis). Given these problems we have to take some care approaching David Kolb's vision of experiential learning.However, as Tennant (1997: 92) points out, ‘the model provides an excellent framework for planning teaching and learning activities and it can be usefully employed as a guide for understanding learning difficulties, vocational counselling, academic advising and so on'. Developments – Peter Jarvis on (experiential) learning Jarvis (1987, 1995) set out to show that there are a number of responses to the potential learning situation. He used Kolb's model with a number of different adult groups and asked them to explore it based on their own experience of learning.He was then able to develop a model of which allowed different routes. Some of these are non-learning, some non-reflective learning, and some reflective learning. To see these we need to trace ou t the trajectories on the diagram he produces. reproduced from Jarvis 1994 Non-learning: Presumption (boxes 1-4). This is where people interact through patterned behaviour. Saying hello etc. Non-consideration (1-4). Here the person does not respond to a potential learning situation. Rejection (boxes 1-3 to 7 to 9). Non-reflective: Pre-conscious (boxes 1-3 to 6 to either 4 or 9).This form occurs to every person as a result of having experiences in daily living that are not really thought about. Skimming across the surface. Practice (boxes 1-3 to 5 to 8 to 6 to either 4 or 9). Traditionally this has been restricted to things like training for a manual occupation or acquiring particular physical skills. It may also refer to the acquisition of language itself. Memorization (boxes 1-3 to 6 and possibly 8 to 6 and then either to 4 or 9) Reflective learning: Contemplation (boxes 1-3 to 7 to 8 to 6 to 9). Here the person considers it and makes an intellectual decision about it.Reflective pr actice (boxes 1-3 (to 5) to 7 to 5 to 6 to 9). This is close to what Schon describes as relfection on and in action. Experiential learning (boxes 1-3 to 7 to 5 to 7 to 8 to 6 to 9). The way in which pragmatic knowledge may be learned. While this represents a useful addition to our thinking about learning, a number of problems remain. There is still an issue around sequence – many things may be happening at once, but Jarvis' model falls into trap of stage thinking. As with Kolb's work there is a limited experimental base to support it.We can also ask questions as to whether these are different forms or routes – or can they grouped together in a different and more compact way. Further reading and references The literature around this area can be pretty dire. We have picked one or two of the better collections/explorations plus a couple ‘standards'. Boud, D. et al (eds. ) (1985) Reflection. Turning experience into learning, London: Kogan Page. 170 pages. Good collec tion of readings which examine the nature of reflection. The early chapters make particular use of Dewey and Kolb. Boud. D. and Miller, N. eds. ) (1997) Working with Experience: animating learning, London: Routledge. Useful collection of pieces exploring experiential learning. The editors focus on animation (not so much in the French and Italian senses as ‘breathing life into' – to activate, enliven, vivify. Includes introductory and closing pieces by the editors: Brookfield on breaking dependence on experts; Smyth on socially critical educators; Heron on helping whole people learn; Tisdell on life experience and feminist theory; Harris on animating learning in teams; and Mace on writing and power.Fraser, W. (1995) Learning From Experience. Empowerment or incorporation, Leicester: National Institute of Adult Continuing Education. Examines APL / APEL and asks what is lost and gained in the translation of private experience into the public sphere. Based on the experience of various courses. Jarvis, P. (1987) Adult Learning in the Social Context, London: Croom Helm. 220 pages. Peter Jarvis uses Kolb's model to explore the process of learning in context. The result is a better appreciation of context and the ability to approach memorization, contemplation, practice etc.However, he also inherits a number of problems e. g. around stages. The model is revisited and summarized in P. Jarvis (1995) Adult and Continuing Education. Theory and practice 2e, London: Routledge. Johnson, D. W. and Johnson, F. P. (1996) Joining Together: Group theory and group skills, 6e. , Boston, Mass. : Allyn and Bacon. 612 pages. Rightly popular practical groupwork guide with plenty of examples and exercises, plus some good foundational chapters. It was one of the first texts to pick up on Kolb and to link experiential learning with the work around groups by Lewin and others.Chapters on group dynamics; experiential learning; group goals and social independence; communications w ithin groups; leadership; decision making; controversy and creativity; conflicts of interest, the uses of power; dealing with diversity; leading learning and discussion groups; leading growth and counselling groups; and team development, team training. Keeton, M. T. (ed. ) (1976) Experiential Learning, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Ageing but still useful collection. See, in particular, Coleman's contrasting of information assimilation with experiential learning. Kolb, D.A. (1984) Experiential Learning, Englewood Cliffs, NJ. : Prentice Hall. 256 pages. Full statement and discussion of Kolb's ideas concerning experiential learning. Chapters deal with the foundation of contemporary approaches to experiential learning; the process of experiential learning; structural foundations of the learning process; individuality in learning and the concept of learning styles; the structure of knowledge; the experiential learning theory of development; learning and development in higher education; li felong learning and integrative development. Mezirow, J. 1991) Transformative Dimensions of Adult Learning, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. 247 + xix pages. Develops a comprehensive theory of how adults learn by making meanings of their experiences. Particular focus on perspective transformation. Weil, S. Warner & McGill, I. (eds. ) (1989) Making Sense of Experiential Learning. Diversity in theory and practice, Milton Keynes: Open University Pres s. The texts on experiential learning tend to be rather atheoretical (and often precious). This text doesn't totally escape this – but has a number of useful contributions. ReferencesAnderson, J. A. (1988) ‘Cognitive styles and multicultural populations', Journal of Teacher Education, 39(1): 2-9. Brookfield, S. D. (1983) Adult Learning, Adult Education and the Community Milton Keynes Open University Press. Borzak, L. (ed. ) (1981) Field Study. A source book for experiential learning, Beverley Hills: Sage Publications. Dewey, J. (19 33) How We Think, New York: Heath. Houle, C. (1980) Continuing Learning in the Professions, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Jarvis, P. (1994) ‘Learning', ICE301 Lifelong Learning, Unit 1(1), London: YMCA George Williams College.Jarvis, P. (1995) Adult and Continuing Education. Theory and practice 2e, London: Routledge. Kolb, A. and Kolb D. A. (2001) Experiential Learning Theory Bibliography 1971-2001, Boston, Ma. : McBer and Co, http://trgmcber. haygroup. com/Products/learning/bibliography. htm Kolb, D. A. (1976) The Learning Style Inventory: Technical Manual, Boston, Ma. : McBer. Kolb, D. A. (1981) ‘Learning styles and disciplinary differences'. in A. W. Chickering (ed. ) The Modern American College, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Kolb, D. A. (with J. Osland and I.Rubin) (1995a) Organizational Behavior: An Experiential Approach to Human Behavior in Organizations 6e, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Kolb, D. A. (with J. Osland and I. Rubin) (1995b) The Organizational Behavi or Reader 6e, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Kolb. D. A. and Fry, R. (1975) ‘Toward an applied theory of experiential learning;, in C. Cooper (ed. ) Theories of Group Process, London: John Wiley. Schon, D. (1983) The Reflective Practitioner, New York: Basic Books Tennant, M. (1997) Psychology and Adult Learning 2e, London: Routledge. Witkin, H. and Goodenough, D. 1981) Cognitive Styles, Essences and Origins: Field dependence and field independence, New York: Links Experiential learning: helpful review of sites by Tim Pickles. Experiential Learning Theory Bibliography: Prepared by Alice Kolb and David Kolb, this is an extensive bibliography of on experiential learning theory from 1971-2001. Acknowledgement: The workshop picture representing experiential learning is from the EFEO Action Workshops in 2008. It was taken by devilarts and is copyrighted. It is reproduced here under a Creative Commons licence (Attribution-Non-Commercial-Share Alike 2. Generic) flickr: http://ww w. flickr. com/photos/devilarts/2458317215/. How to cite this article: Smith, M. K. (2001). ‘David A. Kolb on experiential learning', the encyclopedia of informal education. Retrieved [enter date] from http://www. infed. org/b-explrn. htm.  © Mark K. Smith 1996, 2001. infed is a not-for-profit site [about us] [disclaimer] provided by the YMCA George Williams College. Give us feedback; write for us. Check our privacy policy and, when copying, our copyright notice. Join us on Facebook and Twitter. 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Mister Pip Relationship Essay

In the novel Mister Pip, the characters are stripped of all luxuries, which expose their innermost beliefs and their conflicting personality, causing disruption between the different characters. This essay will examine intense personal relationships between Matilda, Dolores and Mr Watts that lie at the heart of this novel and will argue that the relationships lying at the heart of Mister Pip are both intense and intricately wound into the story with a purpose of either driving the plot forward or getting an important idea across to the reader. Matilda has a common mother-daughter relationship with Dolores and often doesn’t agree with how her mother does things. As Mister Pip is written from Matilda’s point of view in first person, the readers gain an interesting perspective on her relationships with others. Matilda states things without being emotionally charged, which Jones has done so that the readers are positioned to empathise with Matilda. Mothers and daughters do not always have the best relationship, and so we as readers are caught up in their arguments, the plot is driven forwards. Matilda understands that Dolores is jealous of how interested she is in this new book Great Expectations rather than her heritage but she is too stricken by the book to stop reading it. Jones shows this when Matilda says, ‘What made her mother’s blood run hot was this white boy Pip and his place in my life’. This shows the reader that Dolores clings on to Matilda because she sees Matila as all she has left in the world. Dolores shows her hatred and fear of anything â€Å"white† as she doesn’t understand white people and doesn’t want Matilda to get hurt. Dolores has a fear of her daughter entering a different world, often a fear for mothers as their children grow up and no longer do they have the control over their lives that they used to. Although we are lead to dislike Dolores, we see how much Matilda really used to look up to her when she finds out that Dolores stole Great Expectations. When she finds the book, she is so angry and confused, showing it was the worst time ever in their relationship. It is hard to put into words my feelings of betrayal at that moment’ shows that although Matilda is frustrated by her mothers religion, she trusted Dolores to do the right thing and although she understands why her mum took the book, she loses this trust in her mother to be morally responsible. She also realises how desperately Dolores wants to keep Matilda close and protect her, but she is so betrayed by her behaviour that this pushes her away from her mother even more. Dolores and Mr Watts have the most controversial relationship in this novel. Mr Watts stands for everything that Dolores didn’t believe in, as she was extremely religious yet he was an atheist. They are two completely different people that are forced together when Mr Watts becomes Matilda’s teacher. While Dolores is adamant that Matilda should live a life alongside ‘The Good Book’, Mr Watts focuses more on what it means to be a gentleman, an idea completely idyllic to Matilda. Although this is a significant aspect of his teaching, his teachings were more about change. Conflict stems from Mr Watts being a white man; Dolores hates white men because of their effect on Bougainville through the mines and blames them for the loss of her husband. This idea is used to drive the plot forwards, as the reader learns alongside Matilda about a whole new world and way of being. Mr Watts teaches the young Bougainvilleans that ‘A gentleman is a man who never forgets his manners, no matter the situation’, and ‘a gentleman always does the right thing’. This is an interesting concept, as although both Dolores and Mr Watts have a high regard in doing the morally right thing, Dolores despises Mr Watts for teaching Matilda values that she sees to be immoral. The author shows that this may be because it gets across the idea that Dolores doesn’t understand the world outside of Bougainville, the ‘white’ world. This shows the intensity of the relationship between Dolores and Mr Watts, as eventually Dolores shows she is the paramount ‘gentleman’ when she sacrifices her life for Matilda’s virginity and essentially gets raped for defending Mr Watts. The idea of conflict from being ‘white’ and ‘racism’ between Dolores and Mr Watts is mentioned many times throughout the text. Dolores is hostile towards all white people, as she sees them responsible for the civil war â€Å"there were white people crawling over Panguna like ants over a corpse†. The children say ‘We had grown up believing white to be the color of all the important things, like aspirin, ice cream, ribbon, the moon’. This shows that Mr Watts does not only fascinate the locals, but racism really comes to be a part of this novel, as the older generations are influencing the thoughts of the younger children. Jones shows the intensity of this relationship when Dolores goes into the schoolhouse to preach to the children – she sees Mr Watts teachings as infiltrating their innocence, and believes that the bible is the only way to live by. This is another contradictory idea though, as although Dolores swears by the bible, she breaks one of the Ten Commandments when she steals the book. This shows that her urge to protect Matilda’s innocence and to do what she believes is morally right is greater even than her Christianity. Dolores has one redeeming feature, which is her love for Matilda. When the soldiers say they are going to rape her, Dolores says ‘She is my only girl. Please. I beg you. Not my darling Matilda’. This is when the reader really learns that Matilda is all she has left, and is willing to give her life to make Matilda’s a little easier and to preserve her innocence. The thoughts that Matilda had on Dolores as being ‘the bravest woman’ were at the end, so it is only after the death of her mother and when Matilda was older that she completely understood her mother. In Mister Pip, the relationships between Dolores, Mr Watts and Matilda were very intense. Jones showed these relationships had two purposes, which were either to drive forward the plot, or to get important ideas across such as being a gentleman, and the ‘white’ world. The reader would clearly see that these deep and personal relationships shaped the novel, and the path that Matilda’s life took.

Talking Styles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

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Criminal behavior and behavior disorders Research Paper

Criminal behavior and behavior disorders - Research Paper Example What people eat and take into their bodies may control their behaviors. In some instances, excessive amounts of harmful substances such as food dyes and artificial colors and flavors seem to provoke hostile, impulsive, and otherwise antisocial behaviors. Vitamin deficiency and dependency can also have an effect on behavior; studies show that a major problem proportion of all schizophrenics and children with learning and behavioral disorders are dependent on vitamins B3 and B6. Another suspected nutritional influence on behavior is a diet high in sugar and carbohydrates. Diets high in sugar and carbohydrate have been linked to violence, high aggression, and associated with attention span deficiencies. Research shows that among adolescent males, iron deficiency is directly associated with aggressive behavior. Furthermore, one study found that iron deficiency was nearly twice as prevalent in a group of incarcerated adolescents as among their non- incarcerated peers. Research has also li nked hypoglycemia to outbursts of antisocial behavior and violence. These bio-criminologists, who believe that food and crime are associated, think that if diet can be improved then the frequency or violent behavior would be reduced. Biosocial theorists also have been looking at the link between hormonal levels and violent behavior. Hormones exert a strong influence on behavior testosterone, and other androgens, are probably the most important hormones in criminology. Testosterone has been related to aggressive criminal behavior in a number of studies, almost as many as those linking crime to the female menstrual cycle. It is believed that high levels of testosterone reduce a persons social integration, making them more of a loner, and freeing them up to deviate from societys norms. Female menstrual cycles have been linked to irritability, aggression, and a patterned increase in hostility. Recent studies have linked dangerous

Transition temperatures in toughness Research Paper

Transition temperatures in toughness - Research Paper Example This method uses the fault size, as well as features, constituent geometry, loading state of affairs and the substance property known as fracture toughness to calculate the capacity of a constituent containing a fault to oppose fracture (Metallurgical Society of AIME, 2005). Samples having typical proportions but dissimilar complete size bring into being dissimilar standards for KI. This comes about because the pressure states adjoining to the fault changes with the sample thickness (B) in anticipation of the breadth surpassing some critical measurement. Once the breadth surpasses the critical measurement, the value of KI turns out to be comparatively unvarying and KIC , is a accurate material asset which is known as the plane-strain rupture toughness. The affiliation amid stress strength, KI, and rupture toughness, KIC, is comparable to the correlation amid pressure and tensile pressure. The stress strength, KI, embodies the height of â€Å"pressure† at the top of the crack, as well as the rupture roughness, KIC, is the utmost value of pressure strength that a substance under precise conditions that is plane-strain, that a substance can bear up without rupture. As the stress strength factor gets to the KIC value, unsteady fracture takes place. As with a substance’s other motorized properties, KIC is usually reported within reference books, as well as other sources (American Society for Testing and Materials, 2006).    When a substance with a fracture is loaded in pressure, the materials build up plastic tensions as the capitulate stress is surpassed in the area near the fracture tip. Substance within the fracture tip pressure field, located close to an open surface, can distort tangentially that is in the z-path of the representation since there cannot exist any stresses standard to the open surface. The condition of stress is inclined to biaxial, as well as the substance rupture in a distinctive ductile way, with a 45o cut off lip being create d at each open surface. This situation is known as â€Å"plane-stress" furthermore it takes place in comparatively lean bodies where the pressure through the breadth cannot differ significantly because of the thin segment (Metallurgical Society of AIME, 2005). On the other hand, substance away from the open surfaces of a comparatively thick constituent is not liberated to distort tangentially because the adjoining material inhibits it. The stress situation under these circumstances is inclined to triaxial furthermore, there is zero tension at a 90-degree angle to both the tension axis and the bearing of crack transmission when a substance is loaded in pressure. This form is known as â€Å"plane-strain† and is instituted within thick plates. Underneath plane-strain circumstances, substances behave fundamentally, elastic pending the rupture stress arriving at and then swift fracture takes place. Given that slight or no plastic warping is noted, this form rupture is referred to as fragile breakage (Smith, Temenoff & Gall, 2009) . When carrying out a fracture hardiness test, the most widespread test sample designs are the single periphery notch bend (SENB), as well as the compact stress (CT)

ECON WEEK 7 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

ECON WEEK 7 - Assignment Example The economy was still in the phase of recovery, when the recent forecast by the International Monetary Fund shattered all hopes of US regaining its status as the world’s largest economy. The IMF forecasted that China will surpass US by 2016 while US will experience â€Å"slow and modest economic growth†. (US Economic Forecast, 2013) The factors that have impeded US economic growth include low GDP growth rate, low employment rate, dip in inflation rates, low interest rates and, most significantly, a major current account balance deficit and a higher debt risk. In such a scenario, the government should focus on productivity gain as a source of economic growth through â€Å"improvement in skills, economies of scale and improved technology†. (Petroff, 1986, 1990 & 2002) This would help in offsetting the effect of the law of diminishing returns, by raising productivity growth in the face of an uncontrollable population

Self Awareness Essay Example for Free

Self Awareness Essay You can not expect to change what you are not aware of. To make meaningful change it is important to know what it is you want to change for yourself and not for your loved ones or for external approval. Many people change themselves based on how others want them to be or to achieve a certain status in society. This is not meaningful change, it has no personal meaning and will not give you the results you were hoping to achieve. How can you make meaningful change? The answer is self awareness. You need to be aware of your core values and core beliefs. Values for the foundation for your behaviour and everything you bring into your life. Your core beliefs determine your thoughts, decisions and the emotions you experience. A value is a belief, mission, or philosophy that is meaningful. Whether we are consciously aware of them or not, everyone has a core set of values. Values can range from beauty and wealth to loyalty and trust. If you don’t know or haven’t defined your values, you end up drifting along in life. Instead of basing your decisions on an internal compass you make choices based on circumstances and social pressures. You end up trying to fulfil others’ expectations instead of your own. Clarifying, and expressing your life in alignment with your core values is a primary step in knowing how to be happy and create change. Our core values and beliefs determine our progress and success in life. Your core beliefs are your own personal power. You have the ability to attract what you want. A core belief can originate from a place of positivity or negativity. So when you are thinking in your head â€Å"I don’t deserve to be in this persons presence†, this is a negative core belief that you have made up for no reason other than the you have low self esteem. With positive core beliefs and an inner awareness of your own thinking and how it controls your feelings you can become more self confident in many situations in life. It is your life to live your way, so its your choice to live the ramifications of beliefs that make you happy or miserable. Achieving permanent change will be difficult unless you become more attentive to yourself. What are your core values and beliefs? What is important to you? What motivates you? Letting others tell you what you need to change will not work and will not make you happy. It is your job to decide what you want to improve in your life. Your life will never be more fulfilling until you know your core values and beliefs. With a good set of core values and beliefs supported by your passions you w ill have a rewarding and meaningful change.

Changes Brought By It Information Technology Essay

Changes Brought By It Information Technology Essay What is Information Technology. Information Technology is the using of computer and software to manage information Laura Schneider, About.com. Information Technology have four developing periods, which are Premechanical (3000 B.C-1450 B.C), Mechanical (1450-1840), Electromechanical (1840-1940) and Electronic (1940- Present). The characteristic of Information Technology (IT) uses to solve the input, processing, output and communication issues. However, with the development of the society, Information Technology (IT) plays more important role; it has special charm to effect mankinds life within Arts, Sciences, Education, Commerce and Medical. In fact, Information Technology (IT) has complex functions because of development. The Modern Information Technology Department included Computers, Servers, Database Management Systems, and Cryptography (Laura Schneider, About.com). The department would set up of several system administrators, database administrators. On the other hand, what is interpersonal communication? The Interpersonal Communication (IC) is an extraordinary form that happens when 2 or more people work together with another person and reciprocally influence for each other (Fallkowski, 2002). Contemporary their action denotes that the communication associates are having the same information at the same time. Besides, the reciprocally influence means, which affected by the interaction such as thoughts, feelings, and interpretation. Essentially, Interpersonal Communication is kept and maintained relationships by the human. Moreover, it plays more importance of roles that include People, Messages, Channels, Noises, and Feedbacks. Generally speaking, Interpersonal Communication (IC) can improve people with the education needed for entrance kinds of Careers Company. They will face the challenges of effective communication. 2.0 Changes Brought by IT In the modern of society, Information Technology (IT) always have a lot of advantages and disadvantages to human; it is an important topic that people can recognize what Information Technology is exactly or mistakenly, and why it also plays the most important role in our daily life. In fact, the world has altered due to assist of Information Technology. The significance of IT can be discovered from the true things that consist of personal PCs, Hand Phones, Fax Machines, Email, and Internet. Communication With the development of the technology, communication has also become that are cheaper, quicker, and more effectiveness. People communicate with anyone around the globe by simply text messaging them or sending them and email for an almost instantaneous response. The internet has also opened up face to face direct communication from diverse parts of the world. The number of websites start to support that user can download different software, songs, movies, and games at anywhere and anytime. Microsoft Network (MSN) is free software of communication that creates E-Mail, Sending Message and Sharing Space. It also builds own personal place (Blogging) on the website (REDMOND, Wash 2004). In fact, people can use internet that understand different news such as business news, political news, educational news, and others in the world. Besides, more and more colleges and companies are beginning to build virtual office telecommuting systems, which are providing working rates. Students can also s tudy their subjects and managers can increase rate of management. Changes In the Way We Learn The rapid development of economy, IT also improves peoples living qualities. When you watched TV or played game, you would think about Information Technology (IT) because many movies and Pc-games were designed by the computer. Actually, Computer and Internet are the best certification, more and more companies pay attention to how to use Information Technology (IT) to manage their company. MAAKL Home Office (MHO) is an unusual software of investment (Personal Money, June 2009), which can be accessed via multi-channels such as a Desktop Computer, Network or Windows Mobile Personal Digital Assistant. Next, Science and Medicine are changed by computer such as Pool Knowledge, Track Complex Behaviors, and Simulate Complex Systems, Patient Care, Research, Special Needs, and Sports Medicine (Roberta Baber, 1997). Moreover, Information Technology (IT) teaches young children how to learn knowledge. In high schools and colleges students can benefit from computer-based learning experience. In ad dition, education does not stop in the classroom; there are much software that students can choose to learning such as Online Dictionary, History, Geography, and Biology. On the other hand, some scientists use Information Technology (IT) to solve transportation problem, which are consisting of Smart Cars, Air Traffic Control, Airline Reservation Systems, Airports, Logistics, Trains, and Travel Guides and Toward the Future (Roberta Baber, 1997). According to the above examples, we can see that the government agencies, education institution, and industrial do not leave Information Technology (IT). Time Efficiency IT has created that it possible for business to be untied all over the globe. This means that a business can open anytime and anywhere, making purchases from different countries easier and more suitable. It also means that you can contain your goods delivered right to your doorstep with having to mover a single muscle. Today the number of people utilize that information can be shared by voice mail, and recorded telephone message can sent from anywhere in the world. Scanners can build a lot of pictures, which change documents. Via fax modems can send documents to a fax machine or photo in other places such as office, building, state, and country. Besides, e-mail has provided the best service to every computer user in daily living (Human Relations, 2006). As a result, we can observe that Information Technology (IT) not only save times and improve working rates, but it also solves barriers of linguistic and geographic boundaries. Cost Effectiveness Information Technology (IT) has helped to computerize the business process therefore streamlining businesses to make them extremely cost effective money making machines. This in turn increases productivity which ultimately gives rise to profits that means better pay and less strenuous working conditions. Nowadays, in high-tech communication environment (Human Relations, 2006), which are more and more companies keep virtual offices and networks of workers are connecting technology. No mater they are at outside, airplane, a motel room and communicate with visa e-mail, cellular phone, and fax modern. Moreover, telecommuting is an arrangement that employee can work in their homes, and people scattered in the world to work as one office employees. According to the above event, it is always elucidation that Information Technology (IT) can bring more benefits to commerce. Junk Mail Junk mail is email that a personality did not ask for, Unsolicited, funny photographs, advertisement, and junk. There is existing many individual personals e-mails, which are including Types of Unsolicited email, Harassing Mail, Chain Mail, Virus Hoaxes, Viruses and Email, and Collateral Spam(Human Relations, 2006). In fact, when someone views the contents, there are many attachments that can shut down an entire operating system. Therefore, the number of jobs will be affected by junk mail. In contrast, some people may accept a little risk because they often use e-mail to contact their friends or relatives. Moreover, almost companies have feedback center, they often use e-mail to solve customers problems. When customers check their e-mail, they may receive viruss mails and junk mails. Thus junk mail also threatens safeties of the computers. Privacy Problem It is commonly believe that Information Technology (IT) is communication quicker, convenient, and easier. However, it has some privacy problems in our daily life. For example, when you are using your call phone or computer, you may face that your private information will be obstructed by other people. Therefore, people are beginning anxious about their individual living changing public news. Hackers will use malicious software that sets up Trojan virus on the website such as Google, Yahoo, or MSN to Troll the Web, the companies retain IP Addresses, Search Content, Browser, and User Locations. People often can hear or look about stars Nude Picture Scandal case. Hong Kong singer and actor Edison Chen happened nude photo scandal on February 21, 2008. (Source China Daily February21, 2008)) As a result, we can observe that Information Technology also has lack of secure guardianship. Lack of Job Security Some experts consider that Information Technology (IT) has made job security this problem, which are keeping updating each day. Generally speaking, many IT people are lack of job securities. In the economy downturn period, there are many IT films that face pressure of finance. Therefore, IT workers have more ideas. Some people think that they hard work each day, but the boss does not pay attention to their efforts. Other people feel that they can not only promote, but they also get fewer salaries. However, some people change new jobs, but they cannot adapt new environments because of subject problem. Moreover, some companies will have mergers, buyouts, downsizings, business closings, and bankrupts. In addition to IT is a bubble economy that has more competitive wars. Finally, IT workers minds become other ideas. Dominant Culture Information Technology (IT) may bring many benefits to human, which are changing communication methods, improving work rate, increasing new opportunity of job, and saving time. However, some people may not suppose that Information Technology (IT) will corrode dominant culture. This means that Information Technologies (IT) have made the world a global village. Humans communication is changed by IT. We can distinguish that many young teenagers all over the world now act, dress and behave. Famous brands involve Lee, KFC, Pizza Hut, and Hollywood Movies. In contrast, languages also have become overshadowed English the first communication skill. There are 20 hundred million people speaking English in the world. Yet, other unusual languages will be disappeared by the English. For the above reasons explain that Information Technology (IT) not only bring a lot of delightful surprises, but it also changes mankinds living. 3.0 Effective Communication Using IT The human race has entered a completely new stage in its history. With the increasingly rapid economic globalization and urbanization, more problems are brought to our attention. How can improve to use Information Technology in communication? Effective Search Engine Along with the development of the society more and more problems are brought to our attention, one of which is how to effectively improve development of Information Technology (IT) that becomes a big issue. When data or information grows that many companies are using effective search engine that find variety of information of businesses. Some computer engineers create that engines can be developed for particular organization as well as available tools can be used. For instance, Google is the biggest search engine company in the world. It has collected 20 hundred million information Websites. No mater you are staying anywhere or anytime, you can Google to find information. In contrast, Google also continuously develop new Web Search technology into other search services such as Image Search, Google News, Google Product Search, Google Groups, and Google Maps. For the above example, we can get a result that effective search engine of creation may improve to use Information Technology Software Updates Many experts think that software skills have the largest space of development. Examples involve Operating Systems, Database Management Systems, Network Operating Systems, Data Communication Software, and Compilers. For example, Microsoft still develops new operating systems that include Windows95, Windows98, Windows2000, Windows XP, and Windows Vista. On the other hand, Apple is not only manufacturing computers company, it also has new personalized operating systems. Examples include iTunes 9, Safari 4, QuickTime 7, and iWork09 (Top Apple Downloads (2009). In addition, there are almost call phones that have 3G, GPS, and variety of software. For all the events, we can see that those companies have a common new goal. They prefer to develop quicker software skill because of the biggest commercial opportunity. Thus, development of software skill have belonged how to advance Information Technology. Improvement of IT Personnels Ability During the financial downturn, the numbers of IT companies also are attention how to improve information technology personnels workability. Because they can change companys survive or perish. In China, Information Technology (IT) is becoming chief trend; there are a lot of colleges students in which learn Information Technology programs. They realize that China is developing the third economic country in the world. When those students graduate, they will have strong professional knowledge that employs all kinds of Information Technology jobs. On the other words, there are many well-know Information Technology (IT) companies in China such as Sina, Netease, BaiDu, Alibaba, and Eachnet. They build up special HR department that train their IT employees. This method can help to establish a good team, which complete companys task. Moreover, they have one main goal that utilizes the best method in which quickly expand and effectively operate Information Technology (IT) at during short time. E-Commerce Nowadays, we are entering a brand new era full of opportunities and innovations, and great changes have take place in peoples attitude towards some traditional practices. Information Technology (IT) change a lot of peoples living communication methods. In 1960s, banks began to use computer and magnetic ink recognition to automate check processing. In the 1970s and 1980s, business extended their computer based electronic data interchange (Baldauf Ralph Stair). Nowadays, E-Commerce is becoming the type of electronic trading, which is using online transaction of business, featuring linked computer systems of the vendor, host and buyer. Examples include Taobao, Travelocity, Hotels, Amazon, Llbean and CompUSA. These websites also offer the best service to their customer, and they always keep updating their information systems and service skills. IT Products In fact, more and more Information Technology (IT) products are entering into humans living. Examples involve Digital Camera, Business Hand Phone, Mp3, Mp4, and Electronic Dictionary etc. we can see that a lot of companies continuously produce new products, which are satisfying customers requirement. Some companies develop new environmental IT products. This means that use recycling materials and improve product energy efficiency. Besides, IT product proves that peoples living always develop each day. People use IT product records many wonderful events such as birthday party, students meeting, and wedding ceremony. It cannot be denied that there still exist some advantages of Information Technology products. From what has been discussed above, we may draw the effect that Information Technology product can be effective used by people. Electronic Library Electronic Library is devoted to the functions and implications of new technology, digitization, the Internet, user interfaces, automation, and networks in the libraries. Electronic Library has to offer and save function of information that consist of newspaper, books, scientific dissertation, meeting paper, implant case, and work statement. All the above materials will become digital Information Technology. Besides, Electronic Library has a special navigation that help user to find information. Finally, Electronic Library also improves information service, the number of user can easily check, read, and download the best information. All the above suggestions that we can come to the simple conclusion that more and more people are paying attention to how to develop Electronic Library. Digitization Digitization encompasses digital technology of all kinds that serve and support Digital Music, Video, and Graphics. Digitization consists of perception, presentation, display, storage, and transmission. The electronic conversion is accomplished through imaging a process whereby a document is scanned and an electronic representation of the original. With the development of the internet, people begin to use digital media to communicate for each other. In China, there are a lot of businesses of opportunities because digital media is a beginner. More and more films are trying to research and develop digital media in their business. Examples include IPTV, Mobile Telephone (2.5G/3G), and GPS. Besides, Digital Media also affect young persons ideas such as modish dress, songs, and movies. Based on the above discussion and analysis, we can see that Digital Media is becoming a major trend. FaceBook As one of the most important inventions at the twenty-first century, Facebook has a wide application in all aspects of our lives. It plays such an important role that it undeniably becomes the biggest concern of the world. Facebook is a social networking website that develops humans communication. Some people think that Facebook can construct new communication channels. Users can add friends and send them messages, and update their personal information. Beside, user can join networks organized by workplace, school, and region. Users can use hotmail to find their friends, which are extending their societal opportunities, and they can show their photo, video, daily, and game with their families and friends. User can also set their profiles on public. This allows close friends to send messages and add the user as a friend. Microsoft is Facebooks partner for serving banner advertising; as such Facebook only serves advertisements that exist in Microsofts advertisement inventory. Finally, Facebook has different language systems, which bring a lot of conveniences to human. 4.0 Conclusion Information Technology (IT) has successful changed humans life styles and it able to create new IT skills though numerous imaginations. IT has proved that it can provide brilliant services to peoples appetence. As a result, those efforts pay off and Information Technology has achieved this difficult mission. Besides, Information Technology (IT) always summarizes its disadvantages and continuously updates date system that does not wash out peoples view line. With the great success, Information Technology (IT) is finding new goal, which is combining with communication. Thus, more and more Information Technology products are coming into families. People also adieux strange living and increase person relationship. However, during the economy downturn in 2008/2009, the number of people are facing unemployed crisis, they lessen a lot of consumption ways. Information also affect so that each IT company may decrease funs to develop new Information Technology skills. In contrast, Information Technology (IT) has shown that there all advantages service to humans communication and it has much potential for development in our daily life. These factors are Effective Search Engine, Software Updates, and Improvement of IT Personnels Ability, E-Commerce, IT Products, Bluetooth, Digitization, and Networking. Each of them has their potentials in giving services to mankind.

Emile Durkheims Theories on Suicide Essay -- Sociology Psychology Sui

Emile Durkheim's Theories on Suicide I chose to write about Durkheim's theories on suicide. Although I don’t completely agree with all of them, I will discuss what my text says they are and what I perceive them to be. Most of Durkheim’s work on suicide was published in his third book, Suicide. It was a very important book because it was a serious effort to establish empiricism in sociology. This empiricism would provide a sociological perspective on a phenomenon that was previously psychological and individualistic. He proposed three major forms of suicide, some with subdivisions. These three forms of suicide were egoistic, altruistic, and anomic. With egoistic suicide, Durkheim proposes that a person will commit suicide if they have too little interaction with society. He says that a person that does not feel like a part of society will not hold to the same norms, laws, or mores and will be more likely to elevate his value and ideas above that of the society. His studies show that people from smaller families, women more than men, and Protestants more than Catholics, will commit suicide. These are only a few of the criteria provided. For the most part, I agree with this. I would take it to believe that most people that interact with a larger group would be healthier. I only have one problem with the egoistic theory. I am confused as to whom it can apply to. Does a person have to acquire the feeling of belonging? Does a child that is deprived of interaction run a...

Stupid Friday Night Shit :: essays research papers

All week long, the only thing everyone can talk about is Friday night. â€Å"What are you doing this weekend?† And the first thing you’ll hear out of any college student’s mouth is â€Å"getting shitty-faced.† Sounds like we got a plan. So Friday night rolls around, and there is a thick and definitely noticeable electricity in the air because everyone is pumped up to go out and drink the week away. All of them say they drink because they â€Å"like the taste.† That’s bullshit. If they really like the taste, they wouldn’t have to play ignorant little games to coax them into drinking the crap. So they’re playing this game now and it’s getting really fucking boring. Now they are all looking at their cup like it’s their enemy and groaning every time they end up having to take a swig. The gulps that everyone started the night out with are slowly turning into tiny little slurps, and the night is dying fast because every one has passed the point of fun-cool-drunk to not-coherent-enough-to-sit-up drunk. Eventually, someone has the bright fucking idea to have some sort of contest to see who can drink the most, the fastest. Joe Dumbass wins, and everybody cheers at how cool he is. Boy does he look real fucking cool two minutes later when he’s sprawled out on the floor puking in a punch bowl, babbling some gibberish shit because he forgot how to fucking talk. Now Mr. Dumbass gets his second wind and discovers that, all of a sudden, he’s the most handsome guy at the party and can stick his meat to anyone at the party he so chooses. Unfortunately, these same beer goggles that made him look so much better, also make the 400-pound heifer in the corner look just as good. Heif knows she’s hideous, and the only reason she comes to these parties it to wait for someone to get drunk enough to think she’s pretty so she can get some good ol’ loving drunken style.

The Chlorine Debate: How White Do You Want It? Essay -- essays researc

The Chlorine Debate: How White Do You Want It? Chlorine is one of the world's most widely used chemicals, the building element vital to almost every United States industry. We use chlorine and chlorine-based products whenever we drink a glass of water, buy food wrapped in plastic, purchase produce in the supermarket, pour bleach into a washing machine, have a prescription filled, print out a computer document like this one, or even drive a car. (Abelson 94) Chlorine, a member of the halogen (salt-forming) group of metallic elements, was first made by Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele in 1774, who treated hydrochloric acid with manganese dioxide. In 1810, the English chemist Sir Humphrey Davy determined that chlorine was a chemical element and named it from the Greek word meaning greenish-yellow. One hundred and eighty-five years later, chlorine compounds are ubiquitous components in the manufacturing of paper, plastics, insecticides, cleaning fluids, antifreeze, paints, medicines, and petroleum products. The unfortunate and unavoidable by-product of these manufacturing processes is dioxin, one of the most toxic substances on the planet earth. Dioxins are also produced whenever chlorine containing substances, such as PVC, are burned. Life as we know it will change, if a Greenpeace campaign is successful. The powerful environmental group has mounted a well-organized campaign that has as its objective nothing less than a total, worldwide ban on chlorine. With the public health and billions of dollars at stake, the debate over chlorine has become one of the world's most contentious and controversial issues. "Is a chlorine-free future possible?" asked Bonnie Rice, a spokesperson for Greenpeace's Chlorine Free Campaign. "Yes, it can be done without massive disruption of the economy and of society, if it is done in the right matter." (Gossen 94) The chlorine industry and its allies say a total ban on chlorine would be neither wise, possible, nor economically feasible. "We find the chlorine campaign outrageous in its scope and purpose," explained Leo Anziano, the Chairman of the Washington-based Chlorine Chemistry Council, and organization that lobbies on behalf of the chlorine industry. "We believe it's bas... ...ingly undecidable debate, the basis of the debate seems to be the solution. Banning or getting rid of chlorine, organochlorines, or most any other chemical can only cause more problems than they will solve unless a proven and effective alternative is developed to take the place of that chemical. Most everyday things would have to drastically be altered to make suit for a complete chlorine ban, and that would take a great deal of time, effort, and money to do. If a ban on chlorine was implemented, who would be responsible for the cost and maintenance of switching the equipment: the consumer, the producer, Greenpeace and other environmental watch organizations, or the government? The brunt of the cost would most likely fall into the hands of the consumers, which would kill most middle and lower-class families. Chlorine is a building block of most of our everyday conveniences and a major player in most chemical compounds. Until a sturdy and cost-effective alternative is made, most of the everyday consumers will still have to go on using the same chlorine and organochlorine-based products that they have used for years before.

Soil and Water

When I was researching for this essay explaining what soil and water conservation means to me, I found two quotes that really stuck out to me. One written by Franklin D. Roosevelt stated, â€Å"A nation that destroys its soils destroys itself. Forests are the lungs of our land, purifying the air and giving fresh strength to our people. †, and another that was written by an unknown author read, â€Å"Water is life’s mater and matrix, mother and medium. There is no life without water. † I am not sure about you, but I love the life I live. Where would we be without soil and water? We wouldn’t be that’s the thing. Many people could care less about saving our soil and water, but they do not understand that soil is the base to everything, and water is a mixture that is inside everything, even you. An average adult human body is composed of about 55 to 65 percent water, and soil is in fact both the direct and indirect form of food. It is the base of every living thing; soil has everything depending on it. Think about it, you eat steak that comes out of a pasture right? Well, that cow gets its nutrients from grass, feed, and water. That grass and feed gets its nutrients from the soil, which has to be watered to grow that grass and feed. Until the last couple months the state of Texas has been in a severe drought since 2005. In 2006, farmers in south Texas lost an amazing amount of 87% of their crops losing about 34. 3 million dollars. That damaged those people’s wallets, especially if they were commercial farmers raising crops to sell to big industries, which will later be put on the average Americans table. Then, when rice farmers would go to the Lower Colorado River Authority to get water irrigated into their rice fields, there would either not be any water or only be enough for one of the two usual crops they plant every year. Even though it has been raining like crazy lately in Texas, those severe drops in lakes and rivers has not been renewed. Now, the big debate is, is there a thing as global warming? Depending on what side you are on you have a different perspective of how we can conserve water. Simple things you do everyday change the climate, which affects the amount of water we have, and the amount of ice bergs melting every day. Now wouldn’t it be nice to have soil and water a little bit longer?

Circuit City Essay

1). Which of the three approaches to accounting for extended warranty and service contracts is most consistent with the actual substance of a sales transaction involving equipment and an extended warranty contract? Approach number one, the Full revenue recognition is the most consistent due to the reasons which are demonstrated on exhibit two according to the Financial Accounting concept No.5. As stated in this exhibit, Revenues must be both realized and earned prior to the recognition. In this case, after selling the goods and services Circuit city at that point of sale both revenue and earnings have been realized because goods have exchanged hands. At this point of time, even though the cost services haven’t been used, there is a clear agreement and assurance that the necessary services will be rendered during the period of the warranty Further in exhibit 2 it states four key components which justifies that the Full Revenue Approach is the best match of the sale of product a nd extended warranty because at the time of sale an entity will be considered to have substantially completed the earning process if: 1). It incurs the selling cost 2). It has established service network, which is there for the most part to provide the customers with the service associated with the manufacturer’s warranty. 3). Relatively few customers call for service during the extended period 4). Estimates can be made with relative certainty as to future costs to be incurred under the extended warranty. Under these facts, Circuit city had met all the qualifications to report their revenues as they did. The system was in place and the reporting of revenues didn’t seem to have any discrepancies. The information users (Share holders) seem to be happy with the results. Concurrently the profitability of the company as a whole appears to be fully maximized. 2).Why is this revenue reporting strategy is an issue to Circuit stores Inc? There is couple of reasons why senior vice president Michael Chalifoux is concerned: 1). He is concerned because if the proposed accounting reporting method goes to effect, there will be a delay on full rec ognition of revenue and income until the exhaustion of the warranty which will result lower income reported. Lower revenue reports do not reflect well on businesses especially when they had previously shown signs of growth. The reasons might be understood internally, but not externally. 2). Vice president is also concerned about the negative impact  on shareholder’s equity which would be significant in the merchandising industry. By showing low revenue earnings, some of the big companies who act as suppliers might be hesitant to do business with Circuit City because the chain might not be able to move their product as fast they anticipated. Such a change will cause a major loss of revenue which might cause the chain to gout of business. 3). If the company starts to show low income earnings, that change might cause second thought for the investors. Such suspicions cause investors not to invest in the business with confidence. Such a shift drives the stock market prices which may force the company to sell its shares at a lower cost. 3). What would be the effects on Circuit City stores financial statements if FASB requires them to change accounting for extended warranty and product maintenance contracts? 1). There will be definitely a change on reported revenue which is going to be lower that if the company had continued to report as previously. The change might cause a shake up within the company accounting department and the share holders, however it is my strong feeling that things will level out eventually. Even though sometimes change is difficult, Michael Chalifoux needs to have a very clear communication with the shareholders and the internal associates so they know what impact will the change bring. 4).What would Michael Chalifoux do? If the strategies of reporting are in place and there is no bleach of financial reporting in any way, shape or form, Michael does not have to change and adopt the new proposed reporting strategy. On the other side, if Circuit city is under the direction of FASB as a business entity, it is subject to the rules and regulations thereof. If it comes down to that FASB requires the reporting system to be changes, the vice president should do as proposed. In the long run it will be beneficial for the company public image. If the company goes to approach #2 which is full deferral of revenue, it will take couple years and things will level back again.

How Does the Benedictine Value of Community Relate?

Eitzen How does the Benedictine value of Community relate to individual isolation? And/or how does the Benedictine value of Respect for Persons relate to poverty and inequality? According to the Benedictine Rule 4-Respect for Persons you are to â€Å"Honor everyone and never do to another you do not want done to yourself. † Recognizing the image of God in each person and honoring each one in their giftedness and limitations.If, in fact, we are practicing excessive individualism then this is directly related to poverty and inequality today. Poverty in the United States â€Å"officially† refers to people who fall below the â€Å"official poverty line. †Ã‚   In general, however, poverty is a complex subject that depends not only on official definitions but on the perspectives of people as well. For example, if we were to look at the actual numbers of poor people, we may find that whites have a lower proportion of people in poverty than other racial groups.But if we looked at poverty solely by age we would find that children under the age of 18 are the most likely to be poor and that many of the elderly live only slightly above the poverty line. By practicing excessive individualism we are promoting inequality. We are keeping one group of people at a particular level by having those who have the most power and money make the rules for those in a less favorable position. Individualism also keeps us from feeling obligated to others and when we feel no obligation we are less likely to help someone in need.In addition when we feel no obligation we also feel no sense of community and this will eventually lead to isolation. We need to realize that we cannot survive on our own, we need others in order to survive and thrive. If we were to follow the Benedicitine rule of Respect for Persons there would be no poverty because you would not want to be in poverty yourself and there would be no inequality, as you would not want to be unequal.

Principles of Marketing: New Product Development

UNIVERSITY OF THE PUNJAB GUJRANWALA CAMPUS â€Å"Principles of Marketing† â€Å"MARKETING PROJECT† â€Å"New Product Development† Submitted to: â€Å"Prof. Hafiz Ihsan-ur-Rehman† Submitted By: Usman Khalid Mc09023 Umar Farooq Mc09002 Faraz Raza Mc09040 M. Usman Mc09026 Jahangir Badar Mc09061 Ahmad Khayyam Mc09035 PROJECT CONTENTS 1. Segmentation & Target Marketing (Characteristics: How Product fit with T. M. ) 2. Product Ideas ,Screening, Concept Development & Testing. 3. Demand Estimation 4. Marketing Mix 1) Product 2) Price 3) Placement ) Promotion (Print, Radio & T V ads. ) 5) 5. Cost Estimation Variable costFixed cost P. U. P. U. 6. Plant Cost Segmentation & Target Marketing Segmentation: â€Å"Dividing a market into smaller groups with distinct needs characteristics or behaviors who might require separate product or marketing mix† Geographic Segmentation: We considered the Punjab as a whole market for our Product and divide the Punjab on the basis of cities e. g. Gujranwala, Lahore, Gujrat. We divide the GRW market on zone basis i. e. Satellite town, Model town, Urdu bazaar, People colony etc. Demographic Segmentation: (on the family size basis) Now we divide the selected urdu Bazar market on the basis of family size. A family whose has ten members need a wiper after six months or replacement of rubber is necessary after three or four months. Target Market: Our product is consumer product and basically for household. Our Targeted Market is Urdu Bazar in which we supply the wip wiper on different shops for sale. Our Targeted Customers are families in which there are five or more family members. Targeted market How wip wiper fit with the Target Market? Our Product Wip wiper is fit with the Targeted market of urdu Bazar because it is a household item and is purchased by the family people. And in Urdu Bazar of Gujranwala people come for purchase of different household items and our product wip wiper has additional quality of water supply so our Stall of product will attract the people and people will buy it due to its additional features. And there are also potential buyers of wiper that purchased the wiper after six months we can also convert these buyer on our product. Our product is consumer product. It is the need of every house and we are providing additional facility in this product i. e. water supply. In the selected targeted market, there will be many customers of product â€Å"WIP WIPPER† So its better market for our product New Product Development â€Å"New Product Development process consist of ideas generation, ideas screening, concept development and testing, business analysis, test market, commercialization and launching the new product in the targeted market. We discuss the four these things relating to our Product of wipe wiper. Now the detailed information of these is under: IDEAS GENERATION Following are the New Product ideas are generated by our Group members. Which are as follows: 1) Create such type of machine, that convert any blood group into required blood group. Just like we want â€Å"O Negative† and we have â€Å"A Positive† then machine will help us to convert our available blood group of â€Å"A Positive† into required â€Å"O Negative† blood group. 2) NOKIA mobile company should create that type of mobile in which translator facility is included. This Mobile Phone will give advantage to the people who are not able to speak different type of languages. ) There should be a wiper with additional qualities of water supply, detergent supply and cleaning the dust smoothly. Due to this product the work of women will be less and they have only to manage the wiper with water supply. 4) PlayStation gaming company should to create that type of glasses in which there is facility of watching television and playing different ty pe of games. This type of glasses will provide advantage to the people to watch different types of movies, program and play different type of exciting games during traveling. ) PHILIPS Company should develop remote control system for switching off the TUBE LIGHT when required without movement of the person. 6) Replacement of petrol tank into CNG tank in order to use the CNG instead of petrol in Motorcycles. It will be beneficial to save the petrol and to control the pollution in the environment because CNG is less costly as compared to petrol. 7) GFC fan company should develop that type of ceiling fans that are running with the help of SOLAR system without using electricity. And that fan should use separately its own SOLAR system. ) DOLCE and GABBANA wrist watch company should create that type of wrist watches in which Willkie Talkie facility is included. That gives advantage to the people for communicating with each others within a specific distance. 9) PEPSI company should make Ic e Cream products just like FEAST, CORNATO and OTHER similar Ice Creams that gives advantage to the PEPSI company for creating more market share. 10) HONDA motors should make that type of brake system in cars that immediately stop the cars from accidental events. Before any type of accident. 1) There should be a chip which are fix in front of the vehicles and by which the people can pay the TOOL TAX by prepaid accounts. That system will solve the traffic problems. 12) Use of internal device (Bluetooth) in CPU for data sharing IDEA SCREENING â€Å"Idea Screening means screening new-product ideas in order to spot good ideas and drop poor ones as soon as possible†. Next step of new product development process is idea screening in which most suitable ideas with possibilities to develop the new product are selected. Following are the three ideas which are selected by us for new product development. After further verification and availability of resources we will select one of them for actual product development. 1) PHILIPS Company should develop remote control system for switching off the TUBE LIGHT when required without movement of the person. 2) There should be a wiper with additional qualities of water supply, detergent supply and cleaning the dust smoothly. Due to this product the work of women will be less and they have only to manage the wiper with water supply. 3) Use of internal device (Bluetooth) in CPU for data sharing Selected Idea for Project After screening ideas, we are going to develop a wiper with additional qualities of water supply, detergent supply and cleaning the dust smoothly. Due to this product the work of women will be less and they have only to manage the wiper with water supply. As this product will provide the much benefits to the people and there is need for such type of product in the society that will facilitate the women in their working, so there will be many customers for this product. So, our selected idea is the development of the wiper with water supply. CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT & TESTING The idea of wipe wiper with additional quality of water supply and supply of detergent for washing and cleaning rooms So, There is no need to separately handle the water pipe and other equipment for washing the rooms and places of houses and offices. This is the concept of the product that might facilitate the cleaning of offices and houses. By observation of time, Group thinking is to develop this idea into actual product. We have discussed the idea of wipe wiper with many people and we have listen favorable words for our product and the potential buyers are agree to buy the new product, if we offer for sale. After satisfying the test market we are in a position to develop the â€Å"WIP WIPPER† Demand Estimation In Gujranwala, there are 2200000 people and when we divide the Gujranwala population on 10 (Average family members in a family) i. e. 2200000/10 =220000 We received 220000 families and there is a need of a wiper after six month or there is need for replacement of rubber. So, we conclude according to above estimation that the demand for our product in Gujranwala will be 220000 or more or less wiper at the start of the business and there will be a decrease in the demand after one month. e considered that our demand will be 220000/6=36666 For expansion of business, we have to go in other cities and for proper running of business, this demand is not sufficient. This Business has attractiveness due to its expanding market. Marketing Mix â€Å"The set of all controllable tactical marketing tools i. e Product, Price, Place and Promotion that the firm blends to produce the respons e it wants in the target market. † Following are the elements of Marketing Mix: PRODUCT Any thing that can be offered to a market for attention, acquisition, use, or consumption that might satisfy a want or need. LEVELS OF PRODUCT Before actual Product, we have to think on the three levels of the product. The more basic level of the product is the core benefit of the product. The second level of the product is actual product level and the last level of the product is to define the product at the augmented level of the product. Now we examine these levels relating to â€Å"WIPE WIPER†. 1:-CORE BENEFIT â€Å"Cleaning in minimum time. † 2:-ACTUAL PRODUCT: Now we turn the core benefit of cleaning in minimum time into actual product and define the product at this level. 1. NAME OF PRODUCT: Wipe wiper 2. FEATURES: Additional water supply of detergent, minimum time consumption, independently replaceable rubber. 3. DESIGN: Rubber of wiper will be in different colors, flexible handle pipe attachment. 4. QUALITY LEVEL: Use of high quality rubber and drying with in minimum time. 5. PACKAGING: It will be in simple packing. 6. BRAND NAME: â€Å"WIPE WIPER† 3:-AUGMENTED LEVEL 1. Facility for replacement of rubber. 2. Warranty within 2 months Product Inputs Following are the main elements which are used to produced the â€Å"WIPE WIPER†. These are 1. WIPER Rubber 2. Steel Sheet 3. Pipe of 4 Feet 4. Ball Wall 5. Spray Paint 6. Rubber Nails . 1 Piece of Nozzle PROCESS OF PRODUCTION Bend steel sheet to capture wiper rubber and then drill the sheet to capture rubber after that prepare wiper pipe and place ball wall and nozzle on it and made supply of water into wiper rubber then fitting and last step is colouring. PACKAGING: It will be in simple packing. LABELING There will only the name of t he brand of the wip wiper in the labeling at the front of the product . PRICING FOR THE NEW PRODUCT â€Å" The amount of money that a consumer has to pay to obtain the product. † Two strategies are used for setting prices for the New product. ? PRICE PENETRATION PRICE SKIMMING Price Penetration: Setting a low price for a new product in order to attract a large number of buyers and a large market share. Price Skimming: Setting a high price for a new product to skim maximum revenues layer by layer from the segments willing to pay the high price; the company makes fewer but more profitable sales. Pricing Strategy for our Product We select penetration pricing because there are enough competition in market. Our product is convenient product. It has certain features which are not available in the market such as water supply, detergent supply etc PLACEMENT OF THE â€Å"WIP WIPPER† We will use indirect marketing channel in the Gujranwala in which product is supplied to the retailer and then to the final user because the targeted market is short and within the city and easily manageable. But when we decide to launch the product outside the city means in an other city Lahore then we use indirect marketing channel (that will be vertical marketing channel) in which we will provide the product to the Distributor and then retailer and finally to the end user LOCAL MARKET OUTSIDE CITY MARKET Cost Estimation We are going to produced 1000 units of wipe wiper. Fixed cost estimation for this purpose is as follow: FIXED COST Plant cost 200000 Estimated life of plant is 10 year so 200000/10=20000 And 20000/12=1667 And1667/1000 so 1. 67 per unit Land cost 10000 per month so 10000/1000=10 so 10 is the per unit land cost. Advertisement Cost25*1000=25000 TOTAL COST |Variable Cost per Unit |= |323 | |Fixed Cost per Unit |= |11. 67 | | |= |334. 7 | |Advertising cost |= |25 | |Total Cost |= |359. 67 | Product PriceRs. 425 TOTAL VARIABLE COST For this the estimated variable product cost is under: |Items |Items name |Cost of input |Total cost | |No. |Per unit | | |1. |WIPER Rubber |50 |50*1000=50000 | |2. |Steel Sheet |30 |30*1000=30000 | | |6/8INCH of pipe 4 Feet |60 |60*1000=60000 | |3. | | | |4. |Ball Wall |100 |100*1000=100000 | |5. |Rubber Nails |5 |5*1000=5000 | |6. |Nozzle |10 |10*1000=10000 | |7. |colour |20 |20*1000=20000 | |8 |Wielding exp. 30 |30*1000=30000 | |9. |Labor cost |10 |10*1000=10000 | |10. |Electricity |3 |3*1000=3000 | |11. | gass |5 |5*1000=5000 | | |Total Cost |323 |323000 | Requirement for human force Labor: 4 skilled people are required for operating Plant and for distribution and sale, we are available. Requirement of Running Capital For proper running of Business there is approximately 500000 rupees are required. ———————– Gujranwala Satellite town Model town Urdu Bazar People colony Satellite town Model town Urdu Bazar People colony MANUFACTURER MANUFACTURER RETAILER Distributer CUSTOMER RETAILER CUSTOMER

Basic Concepts and Techniques of Human Resources Term Paper

Basic Concepts and Techniques of Human Resources - Term Paper Example KFC restaurants provide several fried and non-fried chicken foods such as sandwiches, chicken strips and several other delicious products. Besides, it also offers variety of additional items which are best fitted in terms of local food preferences of customers (Yum! Brands, 2011). In the year 1997, PepsiCo acquired KFC along with other two brands namely Taco Bell and Pizza Hut renaming the acquired group as Tricon Global Restaurants. In the year 2002, the Tricon Global Restaurants was again renamed as Yum Brands, Inc collectively (KFC, 2011). Purpose of the Paper This paper provides a brief description of the job role of a restaurant manager in KFC. The objective of the paper is to develop a training program for the recruiting the most suitable restaurant manager in KFC. In this regards, it undertakes the aspects such as major tasks, major specifications and job standards of the restaurant manager in KFC. Furthermore, each step of the training program has been described in the paper along with the requisite activities that needs to be performed. Strengths and Weaknesses of KFC The major strength of KFC is its brand identity. KFC is known all over the world and enjoy a strong brand reputation of fast food restaurant services. KFC’s other strength in the international market is its attractive menu offerings which acts as its competitive advantage. However, the major disadvantage of KFC can be identified in terms of the frequent conflicts in work culture with its parent company PepsiCo. It is in this context that the conflicting cultures of both brands tend to have a substantial impact on the performance of the employees. The cultural conflict is also considered as a hindrance while entering into other foreign markets. Besides, the company has been identified to have a record of weak performance with respect to franchisee business (Scribd Inc., 2012). Scope and Size of KFC The scope of KFC as a restaurant business is quite high as the products of the compan y are increasingly desired by numerous people globally. Data collected during the year 2006 suggests that above one billion units of ‘finger lickin’ chickens were served by KFC per annum in almost 80 nations (Yum! Brands, 2011). In the year 2010, the number of employees in KFC was almost 455,000 internationally (Yum! Brands, 2011). Furthermore, KFC has been identified to have made a tremendous progress in the developing nations including China and India. KFC is also leveraging its assets for developing additions to its menus. The sales growth figure in countries where KFC operates is also impressive indicating a significant scope of success. In the year 2010, KFC had generated almost US$ 14.7 billion excluding the United States market. With more number of outlets internationally, the sales figure of KFC is expected to increase considerably in the future (Chancey, 2012). Section 2 Job Analysis Job analysis is a vital process for determining the sole functions of a partic ular job. Job analysis is supposed to be the fundamental aspect for human resource management activities where development of training program necessitates a complete investigation of the job. It is in this context that KFC has engaged numerous managers for several tasks which can range from area managers and assistant managers to trainee managers and restaurant managers. The restaurant manager is liable for the overall operation of the allocated restaurant. The major

The French Revolution Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The French Revolution - Assignment Example The theme of equality and freedom must have been a major factor leading to the revolution. People wanted to be free and equal. The oppression by the absolute monarchy was no longer needed. As a result, the people came together to address the mismanagement by the King and also make all people equal (Robinson 87). This revolution can thus be remarked as the new beginning and as a result the ‘modern era’ was born. The Catholic Church was also not needed because it had favored the social order that had existed in France for years. This revolution is undoubtedly seen by many people as the beginning of a new world. The power of the aristocrats was drained and the church was also weakened. Women and men were now free to participate in policy issues and political developments in the country. This was a new beginning for France and the entire world as well. Personally, the French Revolution was a major historical event which brought an end to an established social order. Personally I have been surprised to learn that the Monarchy was brought to an end in a very brutal way because the people were bitter. As well, I had never thought that very many people were killed using the guillotine for treason or having opposed ideas to the revolutionary ideology. Also, from what I have understood from the documentary, it cannot be ascertained for sure when the Revolution ended because it led to a one-man leadership which was similar to that of the monarchy government. Very little did I know that this revolution marked a new era. ... This revolution can thus be remarked as the new beginning and as a result the ‘modern era’ was born. The Catholic Church was also not needed because it had favored the social order that had existed in France for years. This revolution is undoubtedly seen by many people as the beginning of a new world. The power of the aristocrats was drained and the church was also weakened. Women and men were now free to participate in policy issues and political developments in the country. This was a new beginning for France and the entire world as well. Personally, the French Revolution was a major historical event which brought an end to an established social order. Personally I have been surprised to learn that the Monarchy was brought to an end in a very brutal way because the people were bitter. As well, I had never thought that very many people were killed using the guillotine for treason or having opposed ideas to the revolutionary ideology. Also, from what I have understood fr om the documentary, it cannot be ascertained for sure when the Revolution ended because it led to a one-man leadership which was similar to that of the monarchy government (Ross 42). Very little did I know that this revolution marked a new era not only in the country but across the world (The French Revolution). It is agreeable that we all children of the French Revolution. By the time the revolution was coming to an end, many societies were influenced positively and staged revolutions of their own in order to end all forms of oppressive regimes. After this was achieved, the modern era was born and formal governments were established across the western nations and in Asia. Later the same ideology was transferred to different nations in Africa and Latin America. This means that we are