What Is Environmental Degradation - 810 Words

4.2 BACKGROUND The increasing severity of global environmental challenges has prompted increased attention to the relationship between international trade and environmental degradations. On the one hand, there is a growing strand of literature on environmental degradations that focuses on emissions relocated by trade. As shown in the comprehensive surveys of Jayadevappa and Chhatre (2000), Wiedmann et al. (2007) and Sato (2012), there has been a growing interest since the 1970s for the interactions between trade and environment. A number of studies were carried out to estimate the physical amount of pollutants embodied in trade. Early contributions were made by Walter (1973) and Shui and Harriss (2006). More recent studies employ Global†¦show more content†¦(2011), which are discussed below. Muller and Mendelsohn (2007; 2009) use a so-called Air Pollution Emissions Experiments and Policy (APEEP) model to calculate the marginal damage associated with emitting an additional ton of pollution in the US. Air emission data used by the authors is provided by the US Environmental Protection Agency’s National Emission Inventory (NEI), which encompasses all anthropogenic emissions of six air pollutants (SO2, PM2.5, PM10, NOx, VOC, and NH3) in 48 states of the US (USEPA, 2006; 2009). The APEEP model first connects emissions of air pollutants to physical effects, by employing the USEPA national emission inventory of air pollution. Those physical effects include adverse effects on human health, decreased timber and agriculture yields, reduced visibility, accelerated depreciation of materials, and reductions in recreation services. Then, the model translates the physical effects into monetary terms using standard estimates of mortality and morbidity risks, market values of goods or services, and results of other valuation studies (e.g. Chestnut and Rowe, 1990; McClelland et al., 1993). Muller and Mendelsohn (2007; 2009) first calculate baseline damages of the year 2002’s emissions, and then calculate damages of one additional ton of emission. This procedure is repeated for each of the six pollutants in each of the 10,000 different sources locations. The estimated marginal damage,Show MoreRelatedPoverty And Poverty1302 Words   |  6 Pagesthat poverty and environmental degradation are connected. These impoverished communities are not only contributors to the pollution, like we all are, but they are victims of pollution (Shah, 2005). Due to constant demand of the wealthy, many areas that are impoverished are used as an area devoted to supplying the needs of those at any cost or a dumping ground of unwanted goods. Many times these actions are taken from a social and economic stance rather than a humane and environmental stance. TodayRead MoreThe Incompatibility Between Economic Sustainability And Ecological Sustainability1714 Words   |  7 Pagessustainability and ecological sustainability is a contentious issue, specifically within the area of politics, technology, society, financial economies and environmental issues. When discussing such a matter the terms, sustainability, economic sustainability and ecological sustainability should be defined. Sustainability: the equality of environmental, social and economic necessities between today’s generation and tomorrow’s generation. Economic Sustainability: the employment of various strategies toRead MoreThe Environmental Degradation Of Natural Resources1435 Words   |  6 PagesThe environmental degradation of natural resources, such as fresh water resources and fish or sea live stocks have become burning issue of potentially violent conflict between the nations. There are numerous historical examples that related to this issue. For example, the Ethiopian decision to store Nile water behind the walls of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam have brought ongoing tension between the Egypt, the Ethiopia and Sudan. The second characteristic is the relationship between environmentRead MoreStudent Action Plan( Shuang Ma) Essay633 Words   |  3 Pagesdefinition of ecological integrity. Clearly, human activities result in many environmental changes that enhance some species, ecosystems, and ecological processes, while at the same time causing important damage to others. The challenge for the concept of ecological integrity is to provide a means of distinguishing between responses that represent improvements in the quality of ecosystems, and those that are degradations. Nature is the material world, especially as surrounding humankind and existingRead More Our Attempts to Control the Natural World and the Environmental Crisis1357 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Natural World and the Environmental Crisis    As reports of ecological degradation increase around the world, human concern about environmental issues is also heightening. Scientists, philosophers and others have all begun the process of determining the causes of the environmental crisis and trying to sort out how to fix these problems. In this essay, I would like to examine two of the most widely expounded philosophies on the cause of environmental degradation in the Western hemisphereRead MoreNineteen Lessons Of Environmental Sociology By Kenneth Gould And Tammy Lewis1324 Words   |  6 PagesThe authors of the book â€Å"Twenty Lessons in Environmental Sociology†, Kenneth Gould and Tammy Lewis, provide a critique on the interactions of various social systems and ecosystems by many different scholars and institutions. A combination of neo-Marxist ideas are used as a base of the world-system theory to create the system for the neoliberal theories (Gould and Lewis p. 39). The world-system theory is looking into economic relationships based off of social changes that are occurring around theRead MoreEnvironmental Degradation Of The Environment940 Words   |  4 Pages Many individuals will argue that population growth or technological development are the primary causes of environmental degradation. There is also a third cause of environmental degradation that people hypothesize, which is our values. These people believe that major values influence population growth and technological development. The argument is that values are more important, and influence population growth and technological development. Key values come from national, racial and religious culturesRead MoreConsumption Overpopulation and Its Effects on the Environment1082 Words   |  5 PagesConsumption Overpopulation Think about a sign that says EARTH Max Capacity 10 billion. Based on what they have the human population plans out parties. They have a lack of space and resources. Anyone who would plan these parties would have to take in account for the amount of people that would have to scrunch in with each other, and how many people would not have enough food to last the party. Which basically makes it so the guests are down to a certain number. Our planet is a close similarityRead MoreThe Destruction Of The Environment In Margaret Atwoods Oryx And Crake?1110 Words   |  5 Pages the environment had a great impact on the decisions made throughout the novel. One of the decisions made to improve the environment was the invention of the BlyssPluss pill. Crake, the mastermind behind this creation, firmly believed that the degradation of the environment was the result of the foolish actions of humans. With the concept of eliminating and improving the overall environment, the BlyssPluss was a p roduct created to improve nature manipulated by humans, the human built setting. InRead MoreEconomic Growth and the Environment1594 Words   |  6 PagesEconomic Growth and Environment Introduction Economic growth and the use of environmental resources go hand in hand. No country or economy will be able to sustain economic growth without using the natural resources available in the environment. The constant need for resources is the fuel for economic growth and any country going through a heightened level of economic activity tends to use more resources from the environment. Relationship between economic growth and environment The relationship

“Writing to Learn” in a Math Classroom Essay - 889 Words

Theory of â€Å"Write to Learn† Reading and writing are the basis of the original meaning of literacy. This definition, however, changed over time and culture. The term has expanded to include computer literacy, digital literacy, information literacy, health literacy, etc. (Vacca, Vacca, Mraz, 2011). Nevertheless, the most important change to the term literacy is expanding the use of reading and writing. Literacy is defined as understanding, thinking and practicing the use of language in different cultural/social settings through the use of all types of media which allows people to communicate and make meanings (Vacca et al., 2011). To support this new meaning of literacy, specifically in the classroom, a new method or strategy has emerged†¦show more content†¦Furthermore, it allows students to investigate and make sense of their learning through writing. Lastly, â€Å"write to learn† activities allow all students, specifically English Learners, practice Engli sh writing skills and vocabulary in multiple contexts. Students can never have too much practice in writing. Allowing students to write in their mathematics classes gives them a chance to continue this practice as well as adopt a whole new vocabulary collection, specifically in math. Connections to Sociocultural Theory The â€Å"write to learn† strategy can be successfully used in a mathematics classroom alongside a lesson applying sociocultural theory. Sociocultural theory, as founded by Lev Vygotsky, emphasizes the role of society and culture as leaders in teaching students (Ormrod, 2011). Vygotsky also proposed that play, or acting certain jobs, and apprenticeships, learning a job by watching an adult, are both very important basis in helping students advance through their ZPD, the zone of proximal development, where students are challenged with tasks that lead them to their full development or potential (Ormrod, 2011). One example of play from sociocultural theory is having students write unset letters, a â€Å"write to learn† activity (Vacca et al., 2011). If students were studying the history of the Pythagorean Theorem, for example, they can write a letter to Pythagoras thanking him for the theorem andShow MoreRelatedNational Assessment Of Edu cational Progress752 Words   |  4 Pagesthe 8th and 12th grades in 2008, students scored high on the writing portion, but low in mathematics (Wilcox, Monroe 2017). Fortunately, many teachers are integrating math into multiple disciplines such as writing and literacy, technology, science, social sciences and concrete or real-life examples, and music. Teachers are asked to blend mathematics into writing so students can think, write and discuss their thinking to understand the math content on a deeper level of understanding. According toRead MoreThe Influence Of Aiden On The Classroom1443 Words   |  6 PagesAiden Aiden is very socially aware and has positive peer relationships in the classroom. He is able to solve problems and is not afraid to speak when he has a concern. Aiden is very eager to learn in both language arts and mathematics, he works really hard and puts in effort in order to build his fluency and accuracy when reading and adding his numbers. He is able to understand basic addition word problems and solve for the unknown using pictures, dots, or manipulatives. He is fluent in telling hisRead MoreLiteracy As A 21st Century Educator1604 Words   |  7 Pagesthought that comes to mind is reading. However, literacy is so much more. It is in everything we do, from reading a book to getting from one location to another. We often do not realize how much literacy is in every aspect of our daily lives. As a math teacher, I chose to explore this concept as it relates to mathematics. I wanted to gain a general understanding of how literacy is intertwined in mathematics, from vocabulary to word problems. As a 21st century educator, literacy plays a crucial roleRead MoreGraduation Speech On The Classroom853 Words   |  4 Pageshave observed three individual students in my 4th grade classroom. All of the learners in the classroom are very intelligent students; however, three students stand out to me on a daily basis for different reasons. ‘Student A’ receives special education services for her reading and writing skills. She works with a para every day to work on her reading and handwriting skills. ‘Student B’ is a gifted learner and participates in an advanced math program that the 4th and 5th grade classes receive, ifRead MoreUnderstanding The Dimensions Of Dr. Howard Gardner s Multiple Intelligences936 Words   |  4 PagesMultiple Intelligence Understanding the dimensions of Dr. Howard Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences, deciphering which intelligence your students learn best by, and implementing a variety of modalities in the classroom proves beneficial to students and teachers. Being able to capitalize on student’s intelligence strengths increases learning in the classroom, increases standardized test scores, and increases students independence. Similarly, tailoring lessons to reach students through a variety ofRead MoreMy Philosophy On The Philosophy Of Education844 Words   |  4 Pagesteacher, to ensure that my students are able to have a strong foundation of mathematical skills when they leave my classroom. Some students believe that they are not mathematically gifted; therefore, incapable of learning mathematics. I believe to the contrary, all students with motivation, sustained by the teacher, and confidence in his/her mathematical skills can be successful in the classroom. Furthermore, when establishing my philosophy of education, I relate most to the beliefs and practices of theRead MoreLimiting A Student s Capabilities1611 Words   |  7 Pagesa student from what he or she can do or learn. In the writings of â€Å"Hidden Intellectualism,† by Gerald Graff, Graff writes about the limits that are put on students throughout their educational experiences. Graff states, â€Å"People think of someone with poor grades, but with â€Å"street smarts† is a complete waste†(Pg.264). And that someone who is intelligent, but does not show it in the classroom is not actually intelligent. Graff explains throughout his writings that â€Å"high schools and colleges are at faultRead MoreLiteracy, Social Studies, And Science922 Words   |  4 Pagesmathematics, science, and social studies. Literacy skills are being integrated into class instruction across the curriculum. Literacy skill can be used as a tool of thinking and learning by the students in a mathematics, social studies, and science classroom. The use of literacy in these subjects has become highly important in education. This literature review will address the following themes: †¢ The effect literacy has on mathematics, social studies, and science. †¢ Literacy strategies that can be usedRead MoreObservation Of The Westminster College Class Edu 562 Field Experience1225 Words   |  5 PagesWestminster College class EDU 562 Field Experience was related to observation and participation with a first grade classroom, on Monday, January 4, 2016. Upon arrival the class teacher provided instructions to assist in the set up of the classroom January calendar, make a graph of the lunch choices, and to pass out morning work for the students to complete as they arrived in the classroom. At 8:30 a.m. the teacher welcomed most of the students with excitement as they entered the room. She informed theRead MoreAssistive Technology And Instructional Technology1551 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"The number one benefit of information technology is that it empowers people to do what they want to do. It lets people be creative. It lets people be productive. It lets people learn things they didn t think they could learn before, and so in a sense it is all about potential.† –Steve Ballmer Technology can be very empowering especially for children who are exceptional. In understanding both Assistive Technology and Instructional technology one may begin to see how they can both beneficial to student

Gender and Leadership Literature Review - 5185 Words

Gender and Leadership Literature Review 1. Introduction Leadership theories and literature describe what leaders should do and on the other hand literature also exists on what leaders actually do, the former are prescriptive and the latter are descriptive (Bratton et al; 2005). Leadership style is a relatively consistent set of behaviours that characterise a leader (DuBrin; 1995). The main leadership theories encompass the trait, behaviour, contingency, power influence, and gender influence and exchange leadership perspectives. This paper focuses on transformational leadership and thus will detail the theory underpinning transformational leadership vis a vis gender differences in†¦show more content†¦Modern theory proposes that women lead differently than men (Bratton et al; 2005). This theory tends to promote the idea that women have the characteristics and skill that are necessary for effective leadership and that these skills and characteristics include a more interactional leadership style, the ability to build consensus, a tendency to empower others, and a greater ability to nurture others (Bratton et al; 2005). Robbins (date) in Swanepoel et al (2003) points out that the similarities between women and men tend to outweigh the differences, and that these differences suggest that men are comfortable with a directive style while female managers prefer a democratic style (Swanepoel et al; 2003). The gender perspective argues that women leaders have an interactive, people centered, participative management style. Women leaders are associated with consensus building and power sharing. Views in favour of the gender perspective advocate for equal opportunities at the work place; full utilization of women to utilize available human resources; acknowledgement of the â€Å"special contribution† women can make the work place due to their leadership style and alternate approaches to situations (Bratton, et al; 2005). Swanepoel et al (2003) state that in general women follow a transformational leadership style, which emphasises followers, consensus, and the use of charisma, personal reference and personal contact toShow MoreRelatedGender and Leadership: Literature Review5170 Words   |  21 PagesGender and Leadership Literature Review 1. Introduction Leadership theories and literature describe what leaders should do and on the other hand literature also exists on what leaders actually do, the former are prescriptive and the latter are descriptive (Bratton et al; 2005). Leadership style is a relatively consistent set of behaviours that characterise a leader (DuBrin; 1995). The main leadership theories encompass the trait, behaviour, contingency, power influenceRead MoreHuman Resource Management : The Effective Methodology Of Managing Human Capital956 Words   |  4 Pageswould like to place emphasis in perception. The first topic is Human Resource Management: The effective Methodology of Managing Human Capital. The second topic is The Constraint of Women in Leadership Roles. The demand of a transforming world influences roles in human resource management and women occupying leadership position. Both topics depth with challenges that produce opportunities to structure organizations future. In order to sustain the advance ment of the United States economy, organizationsRead MoreOrganizational Psychology : Gender And Leadership938 Words   |  4 Pagescauses of the phenomena studied by organizational psychology underlying. Research on gender and leadership focuses on both college students and executives in various business settings. A common theme concerns the idea that a good leader is model described incompatible male with feminine behavior, sometimes thought of as think-Manager. For example, to provoke some settings pronounced stereotypes. If the expected leadership style of an organization at a given hora direct, exacerbate uncaring, or from topRead MoreThe Between China And China842 Words   |  4 Pagesand females is 85:15 or more lower, the industries would be defined as male-dominated industries (Gardiner Tiggemann, 1999). Before staring the interview, researcher asked the interviewees about the gender radios about their companies and the descriptions of organizational environment. Once the gender radios was less 85:15, the data could be calculated in the research.Before doing the interview, the interviewees also be asked weather they are voluntary to do the interview and during the interviewRead MoreAnalysis Of Kirkpatrick And Locke s1156 Words   |  5 PagesNunnelee Week 2 Homework MG401 Chap. 3 4 (1) Identify and discus each of the traits that emerged from Kirkpatrick and Locke’s (1991) review. What reason can you apply as to how and why each of these traits is important? Drive: Aspect of drive characteristics includes ambition, achievement, tenacity, initiative, and energy. These aspects act in combination as a conclusive trait that supports high-level effort, or drive. Drive is important, in that in order for leaders to be successful, they mustRead MoreGender in Leadership1639 Words   |  7 PagesResearching in Business HR 3010 Title: Gender in leadership Introduction To what extent does gender affect leadership style? This literature review aims to critically identify and analyze whether female and male leadership style differ in business. It has been claimed that men make better leaders than women because of the leadership style they implicate. To this affect perhaps women have not been given a fair chance to show their leadership skills. This review will interpret international articlesRead MoreResearch Methodologies966 Words   |  4 Pagespertaining to leadership, management and the culture as it pertains to the organization. This paper will delve into the qualitative aspect of research methodology and the methods of literature reviews and surveys as tools for gather information, knowledge, cause and effect of hypotheses as they relate to leadership and organizational culture. A discussion of general limitations and research methodology for the final research paper help to prepare for the presentation of solutions to leadership help toRead MoreUnderstanding The Cognitive Processes Of Organi zational Psychology950 Words   |  4 PagesUnderstanding the cognitive processes of organizational psychology light on the causes of events based on stereotypes. Fri and the leadership of the research focuses on a variety of business environments, students and administrators. the general manager of the matter, I think it s a good model is sometimes described as a thought that is incompatible with the behavior of male and female leader refers to the idea. For example, the pronunciation of certain parameters in order to promote stereotypesRead MoreDQs: Gender and Leadership Diversity1058 Words   |  4 PagesFor your initial post to this discussion, read the articles dealing with gender and leadership diversity and respond to the following questions. In what ways do these institutional barriers intersect with leader behavior and identity? Is it enough for women leaders to develop effective behavior and styles to become more effective leaders? Eagly Chin (2010) note that the barriers described intersect with leader behavior and identity in that leaders who are members of these groups are often expectedRead MoreLeadership Styles Of A Leadership1685 Words   |  7 PagesLeadership involves the capacity to lead, influence, and motivate followers to accomplish goals effectively. This literature review will discuss the various leadership styles and linkage between the followers. The leadership styles of transformational, charismatic, servant, leader-member-exchange theory leaders share a common interest the follower. The servant leader serves others before self. The transformational leader inspires and charismatic leader charms the followers. A leader common goal

Construction Planning and Execution

Question: Discuss about the Construction Planning and Execution. Answer: Introduction: Construction planning and execution of construction planning is the most challenging activity for the management of construction projects. Numbers of things are involved in this such as choice of technology, how work tasks are defined, estimated time for resources which are required and also for individual tasks, and identify the risk involve in different tasks. It is necessary for good construction plan that it develops after considering the budget and work schedule. Construction planning is the most difficult task that is done by the management of construction. After considering the above technical aspects that are mention above it is necessary that management also focus on various organizational decisions related to relationship between participants of project and which organization should be included in the project. Therefore, it is clear that construction planning is the base for construction project and it must be done with complete understanding of things (Project Management f or Construction, n.d.). In this report, we discuss the actions required to be taken by the project manager and action required to be taken by the contractor in case of compensation events. This report also contains the procedure for events notified by the project manager and procedure for events notified by the contractor. A part of this report contains the explanation on conditions guiding payment in the NEC 3 ECC conditions of contract, contractual standing in terms of conditions governing contractual program in the NEC 3 ECC conditions of contract and Dispute resolution methods that can be used to resolve the problem in the NEC 3 ECC conditions of contract. There is also a separate section which describes the comparison of advice given by NEC3 ECC condition of contract with condition of contracts either JCT11 SBC/Q or the FIDIC Red Book form of contract. At last, we conclude the report with brief conclusion. Compensation events: Compensation events are those events which change the cost of the project and time required to complete the project, but usually these events are not happened because of the fault of the contractor. Events which result in change of the price of the project, key dates of the projects, and completion date of project. In large number of case contractor demands more time and money to complete the project. There are some good examples of compensation events: Employers actions such as employer fail to provide access of land to contractor on time. Actions conducted by project manager such as instruction given by project manager to stop or delay the work. Actions of supervisor such as when supervisor gives instructions to contractor for searching defects in project, and no defects are found. Actions which are conducted by other people such as actions of statutory bodies and other contractors. Other events which are not in the control of any party such as whether conditions. The above mention events are mention in the clause 60.1 of NEC3 (Kingston, 2015). Actions taken by project manager in compensation events: in case if compensation event is arise because of the instructions of project manager which is related to search of defect or there are some changes in the work. In such case the first duty of project manager is to notify the contractor related to compensation event, and then instruct him to provide quotation. In case of all compensation events, contractor notifies the project manager. When contractor receive notification from project manager and also receive an instruction to submit the quotation then he submit the quotation within 3 weeks. The period of 3weeks can be extended by the project manager in an agreement. When notification is received by the project manager from the contractor he responds in no or yes. Project manager says no if: That action is the fault of contractor. Event does not occurred and not going to occur. That event does not affect the completion time of project or cost of project. Event occurred is not listed in the agreement or clause. In all their cases, except above mention cases the project manager says yes to contractor to provide a quotation. When project manager gives instruction to the contractor for providing the quotation, the project manger after discussion instruct the contractor to provide other quotations also which mention the alternative method of dealing with the event. In some cases when event is not clear then project manager state some assumptions, and if those assumptions are not right then it will be considered as another compensation event (SCE, n.d.; Hide, n.d.). Actions taken by contractor in compensation events: The next step is filing of quotation by contractor to the project manager. In NEC3 quotation deals with both compensation events that is time and money. It has a special place in the NEC3. On receipt of notification from project manager or supervisor related to any defect or other matter, then it is the duty of the contractor that he submits quotation for such notification to the project manger or supervisor. It is necessary that quotation is prepared by following the procedure stated in the contract, and when contractor submit that quotation to the project manager or contractor then he must include all the details of assessment. If compensation event has any effect on the completion date or price then quotation must include all the revised details of that program (Devonshires, n.d.). When project manager receipt the quotation then it is necessary that he respond within 2 weeks from receipt of quotation or any extended period. Reply of the project manger to the quotation must include these responses: Acceptance of quotation by project manager. Confirmation that a proposed event will not be instructed by project manager. One more notification from project manager that quotation was not prepared properly by contractor, and quotation must be submitted again. Project manager also states reason for that. A notification that project manager will assess the compensation event (CECA, n.d.). In the present case, Ministry of Health decided to construct a new university teaching hospital, and this project consist new build accommodation and the refurbishment of existing properties. This new project also has underground car park and a dedicated cycle centre and ten electric car charging points. The project was given on the basis of NEC3 ECC conditions of contract, and contractor will design the part of work as stated in the information. In this compensation event is occurred because of the fault of employer, as employer does not handle the site to the contractor on time because of which work delayed. There are some other faults from employer side as the employer does not work within the time shown on the accepted program. There are some other issues also supervisor does not reply to the queries of contractor, and he also conduct test. Therefore there are number of compensation events which cause delay in this project. This project was also delayed because of the fault of contractor as contractor does not made agreed payments to workman and also pulled them off from site which results in dispute, but these events does not consider as compensatory events because this is the fault of contractor. Conditions Guiding Payment in the NEC 3 ECC: Now, construction projects for public have special requirements related to payment. These special requirements are set up by the OGC that is Office of Government Commerce. For the successful implementation of any contract it is necessary that contract must contain fair and transparent payment practices. It is necessary for parties to working with each other in good faith and with mutual trust. On 1st January 2008 following payment commitments are set up by OGC: It is the right of the company that they receive full and clear payment on the due date. From ethical point of view it is not right that payments are delay, and holding of payments without any valid reason. It is necessary that fair payment will be decided between the contractor and client, and also throughout the complete supply chain. The process of payment must be transparent, and properly communicated to the members of supply chain that when and how much they received. Companies must consider whether it is appropriate to operate some relevant contracts on open book basis. The correct payment made by the client also represent that the work is carried out in proper manner, and products are supplied according to the contract. If client hold any amount then it must be partial, and withholding must be on valid reason that was justified according to the terms of contract. For ensuring the effective cash flow system under contract, it is necessary that contract of construction states provision related to regular payments and period of payment must not exceed more than 30 days. It is necessary to avoid the payment delay that clients and contractor must agree on the procedure related to payment at the outset of their agreements. Payment must be made through BACS transfer and will be transferred through supply chain. Procedure related to monitoring, auditing and dispute resolution must be agreed between the parties to the contract and stated in the contract (NEC3, n.d.). Procedure of payment under NEC3 Engineering and Construction Contract: When contractor get paid by the client? On each assessment date contractor calculate the amount due to the contractor. Calculation of amount due: the price for the work done till that date + any other amount that is due for payment to the contractor, and less any amount which is already paid to the contractor or retained from the contractor. Within 7 days from assessment date, project manager will certify the amount due to the contractor, and within 14 days from the assessment date the deadline for withholding must be issued to the contractor. Within 21 days from assessment date payment must be made to the contractor. In case if client does not pay the amount or send any withhold notice then in such case contractor has right to suspend the work or contractor can go for adjudication (CCC, n.d.; CCC, n.d.). Terms and conditions governing contractual program in the NEC 3 ECC: NEC3 contracts are the standard contracts, and they ensure good management of construction contracts, and also flexibility and clarity in contracts. These contracts can be used for the entire project, and they will be helpful in complete life cycle of the project. It is necessary that construction contract must contain some general clauses, and those general clauses are (NEC, n.d.): General terms- contract must include some general terms such as in case of any failure by any party in enforcement of any term, and then in such case such failure shall be considered as waiver of that term. Any waiver shall not affect the validity or enforceability of the contract. Contractors responsibilities- the employer, contractor, and project manager have a responsibilities which must be stated in the provisions of the contract, and it also stated not only contractual terms but some trust and co-operation terms also. Such terms must be defined in alphabetical orders, and some important terms are Equipment and Plant and Materials, key dates related to construction project, information related to site, etc. Time, testing and defects- in contract the completion date must be specified. It must contain provision related to period in which contractor submit the project to the client. Both starting and completion date must be set out in the contract. Starting date is necessary because from that date risk is passed to the contractor. Testing clause is required to test and inspect the work at the site by the client and other experts, and in case any defect is found then set the accountability for that defect. Compensation events- contract of construction must described the events which are considered as compensatory event in the time of construction, and also stated terms which relate to the effect of those events on completion time and key dates. It also states the events which are at employer risk and does not occur because of the fault of contractor. Payment- it is necessary that contract must define payment procedure, so that later conflicts can be avoided by the party. Payment option are mainly defined in these three key terms that is contract price, price for work done till that date, and defined cost of the project. Risk and insurance- contract also mention the risk involved in the contract, and which risk is covered by employer (NEC, n.d.; NEC, 2016). Dispute Resolution Mechanism under NEC3: In NEC3 contracts there are two approaches for resolving the dispute that is adjudication and arbitration. First stage is adjudication; if dispute is not resolved at this stage then second step is arbitration and litigation. ECC contracts provide two methods for dispute resolution that is W1 and W2. W1 is used at those contracts where Housing Grants, Construction and Regeneration Act 1996 are not applicable. W1 is the recycled version of NEC2 provision, and it mentions the right of parties related to adjudication. Whereas, W2 is usually used in UK, and this is different from W1 where any party can make referral of arbitration. The arbitrator can be decided by the parties, and his name must be named in the contract data. In case arbitrator is not mentioning in the contract or he resigned and unable to act then in such case parties can choose another arbitrator (Sheriden Gold, 2010). Comparison between NEC3 ECC and FIDIC: NEC and FIDIC are the standard form of contract, that become part of families for procuring works or consultancy services (FIDIC) and goods, works or services (NEC). In 1991 NEC was launched, and this contract is identified for the purpose of clarity, flexibility and to set good management practices (NEC, n.d.). FIDIC contract is a traditional form of contract, and used at international level, and in 2006, Palestine cabinet ratified this contract. In Gaza more than 37% Palestine use these contracts. Some main difference in these contracts is related to time, quality and cost. In NEC the project manager shall act on behalf of the employer and in FIDIC engineer act on the behalf of employer. Both the contracts have number of differences but both contracts are designed for the purpose of international use, and both have their roots in common law of jurisdiction (Besaiso, 2012). Conclusion: At last, the report is concluded that NEC3 contracts are standard family contracts, and are designed to use at international level. These contracts almost define every important aspect related to construction contract such as time, payment, compensatory events, risk, liability, etc. compensatory events are those events which change the cost of the project and time required to complete the project, but usually these events are not happened because of the fault of the contractor, and in the present case there are number of compensatory events which cause from the fault of supervisor and employer. In this report we described every important aspect of contract, and it is necessary in terms of contract that we state all the important clauses of contract in construction contract. References: Project Management for Construction. Construction Planning. Retrieved on 29th November 2016 from: https://pmbook.ce.cmu.edu/09_Construction_Planning.html. Kinston, L. (2015). Compensation Events Under NEC3. Retrieved on 29th November 2016 from: https://www.mondaq.com/x/425098/Building+Construction/Compensation+Events+Under+NEC3. SCE. construction contract and commercial consultants. Retrieved on 29th November 2016 from: https://www.stevencevans.com/nec3-compensation-events-a-practical-guide/. CECA. Compensation Event procedure and assessments under the NEC3 engineering and construction contracts. Retrieved on 29th November 2016 from: https://www.ceca.co.uk/media/96888/seminar_notes_-_386e__-_compensation_event_procedure___assessment_under_the_nec3.pdf. Hide, G. Compensation events and movement of completion date. Retrieved on 29th November 2016 from: https://gmhplanning.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/Newsletter-47-Compensation-events-and-Completion-Date.pdf. Devonshires. 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